A Plan for Preparing for a Test in Four Weeks

If youre preparing for a test thats one month away, it must a big one. Like the SAT or GRE or GMAT or something. Listen. You dont have too much time, but thank goodness youre preparing for a test one month in advance and didnt wait until you only had a few weeks or even days. If youre preparing for a test of this kind of magnitude, read on for a study schedule to help you get a good score on your test. Week 1 Make sure youve registered for your exam! Really. Some people dont realize they have to do this step.  Buy a test prep book, and make sure its a good one. Go for the big names: Kaplan, Princeton Review, Barrons, McGraw-Hill. Better yet? Buy one from the maker of the test.  Review the test basics: whats on the test, length, price, test dates, registration facts, testing strategies, etc.Get a baseline score. Take one of the full-length practice tests inside the book to see what score youd get if you took the test today.Map out your time with a time management chart to see where test prep can fit in. Rearrange your schedule if necessary to accommodate test prep.Review online courses, tutoring programs, and in-person classes if you think that studying on your own will not be ideal! Choose and purchase it, today. Like right now. Week 2 Begin coursework with your weakest subject (#1) as demonstrated by the test you took last week.Learn the components of #1  fully: the types of questions asked, amount of time needed, skills required, methods of solving types of questions, knowledge tested. Acquire the knowledge necessary for this section by searching on the Internet, going through old textbooks, reading articles and more.Answer #1 practice questions, reviewing answers after each one. Determine where youre making mistakes and correct your methods.  Take a practice test on #1 to determine the level of improvement from baseline score. You can find practice tests in the book or online many places, as well.  Fine tune #1 by going over questions missed to determine what level of knowledge youre missing. Reread information until you know it! Week 3 Move on to next weakest subject (#2). Learn the components of #2 fully: types of questions asked, amount of time needed, skills required, methods of solving types of questions, etc.Answer #2 practice questions, reviewing answers after each one. Determine where youre making mistakes and correct your methods.Take a practice test on #2 to determine the level of improvement from baseline.Move on to strongest subject/s (#3). Learn the components of #3 fully (and 4 and 5 if you have more than three sections on the test) (types of questions asked, amount of time needed, skills required, methods of solving types of questions, etc.)Answer practice questions on #3 (4 and 5). These are your strongest subjects, so youll need less time to focus on them.Take a practice test on #3 (4 and 5) to determine the level of improvement from baseline. Week 4 Take a full-length practice test, simulating the testing environment as much as possible with time constraints, desk, limited breaks, etc.Grade your practice test and cross-check every wrong answer with the explanation for your wrong answer. Determine what youve missed and what you need to do to improve.Take one more full-length practice test. After testing, figure out why youre missing what you’re missing and correct your mistakes before test day!Eat some brain food – studies prove that if you take care of your body, you’ll test smarter!Get plenty of sleep this week.Plan a fun evening the night before the exam to reduce your stress, but not too  fun. You want to get plenty of sleep!Pack your testing supplies the night before: an approved calculator if youre allowed to have one, sharpened #2 pencils with a soft eraser, registration ticket, photo ID, watch, snacks or drinks for breaks.Relax. You did it! You studied successfully for your test, and youre as ready as youre going to be! Dont forget these  five things to do on the day of the test!

Bells for John Whitesides Daughter by John Crowe Ransom

John Crowe Ransom was one of the most influential writers of his time. As a poet, essayist, and teacher at Vanderbilt University and Kenyon College, Ransom was one of the prominent leaders of the Fugitive Agrarians and the founder of the New Criticism school of literary criticism and the literary journal, Kenyon Review. His works fall into many different literary movements but the majority of his poems fall within the Fugitive-Agrarianism, now known as the Southern Renaissance, movement that emphasized classicism and traditionalism. The writers that were part of the Southern Renaissance, including Ransom, gathered to write a collection of essays that promoted and revitalized Southern literature in the United States. They were known for â€Å"representing the tensions and paradoxes that resulted from the collision of Northern and Southern ideologies† (Holmgren para. 3). Comparably, the Fugitive agrarians â€Å"emphasized traditional poetic forms and techniques, and their poems developed intellectual and moral themes focusing on an individuals relationship to society and to the natural world† (Davis para. 1). Both groups were especially focused on the intrusion of Northern industrialism and destruction of Southern agrarian culture. Ransom uses bursts of imagery of rural life that reflects the agricultural aspects that the Southern Renaissance movement stressed. He channels a lot of natural scenery in his poem, Miriam Tazewell, but a darker and more gruesome stage in Winter

Etymology of Court Essay Example For Students

Etymology of Court Essay In this report, I have attempted to display a general understanding of how the word court arrived in the English language and suggest reasons for its evolution. Much of the challenge has been determining what of the information I could present. Length restrictions and the condition set out, to use The Norton Anthology of English Literature as the only source to show the synchronic use of the word, have forced me to take a more narrow approach. Since court is a polysemic word I decided that rather then dwelling on the changes in all of its senses, I would attempt to acknowledge why this occurred. The latter part of the essay is spent discussing how court has branched its meaning to be used in the adjective courteous and how it operates as a verb. The etymology of the word court is a complex study. By looking at its roots, we find the word dates back to Latin origin. In Latin, curia meant a senate house. When Julius Caesar ruled, the Curia Julia was the name given to the senate house he started. The similar sounding curtus, meant short. It seems that both of these words became the word cort in Old French. This is relevant because after the Norman Conquest, French borrow words began to appear in English, including court. Intriguingly, court has never meant to be short in the English language. A third Latin word, cohors gave court a new meaning again. Cohors had meant an enclosed yard for housing poultry. By 1300, Englishmen were using court to mean A clear space enclosed by walls or surrounded by buildings Oxford English Dictionary Online OED 2000, court. Hence, the English court became a polysemic word. Albert C. Baugh places court in the group of Governmental and Administrative Words that appeared in the century and a half following 1250, in his book, A History of the English Language. He suggests We should expect that English would owe many of its words dealing with government and administration to the language of those who for more than two hundred years made public affairs their chief concern 1978, 168-169. By including court in this category we can make some conclusions regarding its evolution. Though the political institution has always existed, its structure is volatile and subject to change. In fact, one of the primary and perhaps the most important engines of historical change has been the constant transformation of the political state. Since our lexicon evolves to adhere to our present day needs, the word court has had to alter its implications to suit the political climate of the moment. At one time, using court in the context of a place where people would be found to be innocent or guilty of a crime would suggest a place where a monarch would decide the fate of the accused. A modern day notion of this scenario invests the power to decide the destiny of the individual to a jury, an arbitrarily chosen group of members from society. In both circumstances the court is a part of a function of society that is supported by its government. Its connotations, in these particular instances, denote stipulations, which change the words meaning. The fourteenth century European life was much different than we know today. The ruling body was comprised of a leader: the king, and a small elite. Its duty was to rule and defend the nation. This position earned these courtiers respect in society. Therefore, belonging to the court suggested certain behaviour: to be courteous. In this sense, we are witness to an institution being personified by certain qualities which we admire, as defined, Having such manners as befit the court of a prince, having the bearing of a courtly gentleman in intercourse with others; graciously polite and respectful of the position and feelings of others; kind and complaisant in conduct to others OED, courteous. When Geoffrey Chaucer was writing he employed this adjective, Curteis he was, lowly, and servisable, and carf biforn his fader at the table Norton Anthology of English Literature NAEL 1996, 72. .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .postImageUrl , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:hover , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:visited , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:active { border:0!important; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:active , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dress Codes EssayIn this quote Chaucer demonstrates how courteous has retained its original meaning. The people reading this in the thirteen hundreds would have made more of an association between courteous and the thrown, however, the implication of politeness has persisted. It is interesting to look at courteous before looking at court acting as a verb. Courteous is personifying the institution while court reverses the scenario to give people institutional traits. Court, as a verb didnt exist in the English lexicon before approximately 1515. Now an obsolete expression, it was initially used to mean, To be or reside at court, to frequent the courtOED, court. A clear relationship between people and the institution has been defined. In this application of the verb, a person who belongs to the court embodies the court. By the end of the century Edmund Spencer would use court in a new sense. When as this knight nigh to the Ladie drew, With lovely court he gan her entertaine NAEL 1996, 351 meant to pay amorous attention to, seek to gain the affections of, make love to with a view of marriage, pay addresses to, woo OED, verb. I deduce two theories for why this verb evolved. One of the major roles of a courtier would have been to gain favour with not only the king but also other members of court in order to acquire allies. It would seem a logical step for this behaviour to be coined as courting. Consequently, we see in The Faerie Queene the knight trying to obtain the favour of the lady. Within the same century as Spencer was writing, a court of love was created; an institution said to have existed in southern France in the Middle ages, a tribunal composed of lords and ladies deciding questions of love and gallantry OED court. This may also explain why suddenly the verb involved itself with the matters of the heart. In either case, the noun has influenced the verb. This paper has discussed the word court. It has covered the roots and origin of the word, why it is polysemic, how it came into the English lexicon, reasons for why it has evolved in English, and how it has become an adjective and a verb. By looking at examples of text and making a comparison of connotation in past and present, a synchronic examination has helped display the diachronic word. You may argue that there are no modern text examples in this paper and many of the words senses have been overlooked. While this is true, my goal was to display how court has evolved as a word in our language, not its most recent usage and meanings. Considering the conditions for the assignment, I feel my purpose was best served by the focus I have taken. In conclusion, this paper has demonstrated the awesome history of a single word, manipulated by language, time and history.

The Glory That Was Greece Essay Research free essay sample

The Glory That Was Greece Essay, Research Paper The instruction of the Greeks exhibits a progressive development. # 8230 ; The ideal of Athenian instruction was the wholly developed adult male. Beauty of head and organic structure, the cultivation of every inborn module and energy, harmoniousness between idea and life, decorousness, moderation, and regularity # 8211 ; such were the consequences aimed at in the place and in the school, in societal intercourse, and in civic dealingss. # 8216 ; We are lovers of the beautiful, # 8217 ; said Pericles, # 8216 ; yet simple in our gustatory sensations, # 8217 ; and we cultivate the head without loss of manfulness # 8217 ; ( Thucydides, II, 40 ) . # 8230 ; # 8220 ; The Greeks so laid emphasis on bravery, moderation, and obeisance to jurisprudence ; and if their theoretical disquisitions # 8212 ; [ or those of the Christians, for that affair ] # 8212 ; could be taken as just histories of their existent pattern, it would be hard to happen, among the merchandises of human thought, a more exalted ideal. The indispensable failing of their moral instruction was the failure to supply any equal countenance # 8212 ; [ e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glory That Was Greece Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. , the fright of Hell and damnation ] # 8211 ; for the rules they formulated and the advocates they gave their young person. # 8230 ; The pattern of faith, whether in public services or in family worship, exercised but small influence upon the formation of character. # 8230 ; As to the future life, the Greeks believed in the immortality of the psyche ; but this belief had small or no practical significance [ as to them, virtuousness was its ain wages ] . # 8230 ; # 8220 ; Thus the motivation for virtuous action was found, non in regard for Divine jurisprudence nor in the hope of ageless wages, but merely in the desire to pique in due proportion the elements of human nature. Virtue is non self-control for the interest of responsibility, but, as Plato says, # 8216 ; a sort of wellness and good wont of the psyche, # 8217 ; while frailty is # 8216 ; a disease and malformation and illness of it. # 8217 ; The merely adult male # 8216 ; will so modulate his ain character as to be on good footings with himself, and to put those three rules ( ground, passion, and desire ) in melody together, as if they were verily three chords of a harmoniousness, a higher, a lower, and a center, and whatever may lie between these ; and after he has bound all three together and reduced the many elements of his nature to a existent integrity as a temperate and punctually consonant adult male, he will so at length proceed to make whatever he has to make # 8217 ; ( Republic, IV, 443 ) . This construct of virtuousness as a self-balancing was closely bound up with that thought of personal worth which has already been mentioned as the cardinal component in Grecian life and instruction. # 8230 ; The purpose of instruction, hence, is to develop cognition of the GOOD. # 8221 ; ( CE. V, 296-7. ) Salvaging their depraved privation of regard for # 8220 ; Divine jurisprudence # 8221 ; # 8211 ; ( proclaimed by priests ) , and their woebegone disregard to supply # 8220 ; adequate countenance # 8221 ; of # 8220 ; payoff of Heaven and menace of Hell # 8221 ; ( priest-devised ) , for incentive to their Nature-harmonized character, the godless Greeks did reasonably good in # 8220 ; developing the cognition of the good # 8221 ; and achieving the most # 8220 ; exalted ideal # 8221 ; # 8212 ; outside of Jewish-Christian disclosure # 8212 ; to be found among world, of personal and civic virtuousness, due entirely to their high # 8220 ; thought of personal worth, # 8221 ; instead than to the revealed construct of humanity pre-damned, # 8220 ; conceived in wickedness and born in wickedness, # 8221 ; creeping through this Vale of Tears as # 8220 ; Vile worms of the dust, # 8221 ; of Christian self-confession. But so, God in his cryptic Wisdom had withheld his cherished disclosure of Entire Depravity from the Greeks, # 8212 ; cognizing, likely, that they did non necessitate it, and had bestowed it merely on the vague folk of barbaric polygamous Israelitess, who eminently fitted the disclosure. So it was non the Greeks # 8217 ; mistake that they were no worse away, without the disclosure, than were the Hebrews with it. We will come to the Christians anon. Though, therefore, the # 8220 ; Sun of Righteousness # 8221 ; did non light the revelationless skies of Grecian Culture, the most splendrous stars of mind and psyche which of all time # 8212 ; ( before the Star of Bethlehem arose ) # 8211 ; shone down the view of Time, blazed in its zenith. The name of every star in that Pagan Greek galaxy is known to every intelligent individual throughout Christendom today ; the visible radiation from these or those of them illuminates every page and every stage of Art, Literature and Science known today to the incomputable glorification of adult male and blessing of humanity. The living source of some, the unexcelled flawlessness of others, is the merchandise of the mind and the psyche of the hapless Pagan Greeks who had no Divine Revelation and were bereft of the priceless # 8220 ; benefit of Clergy # 8221 ; as a teaching establishment. Let us stare for a minute as through the telescope of Time and scan the superb leading lights of the celestial spheres of Pagan Greek mastermind, bright so by the Light of the Cross. Get downing with those who were about modern-day in their visual aspect with post-exilic Hebrew disclosure, say about 600 B.C. , we will call merely those immortally known to every high school pupil, jumping among the galaxies down to the clip, approximately 400 A.D. , when they were for a thousand old ages eclipsed by the Light of the Cross polishing in the # 8220 ; Dark Ages # 8221 ; of Christian Faith. The Pagan Greeks, unfamiliar with the Hebrew disclosure of the Divine Right of Kings # 8212 ; ( anointed by priests ) # 8212 ; to govern world, invented Democracy, the right of the people to govern themselves, # 8211 ; a unorthodoxy recognized in the Declaration as a axiomatic proposition, that all merely powers of authorities are derived from the consent of the governed. Newss about Moses and his Divine Torahs non holding penetrated into Pagan Greece, a strategy of strictly human codifications for human behavior was devised by the pagan Lawgivers, Draco, Solon, Lycurgus. The revealed Mosaic History of the Hebrews non being available as a theoretical account, the hapless Pagan Greeks had to do displacement with Herodotus, # 8220 ; Father of History, # 8221 ; Thucydides, Xenophon, Strabo, Plutarch, Pausanius, Polybius, Claudius Ptolemy, Dion Cassius. The God-drafted programs of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness and of Solomon # 8217 ; s Temple non being at manus to copy, uninspired Greeks planned and built the Parthenon, the Erechtheum, the Prophyl a, the Temple of Diana of Ephesus, the Temple of Apollo at Corinth, the Serapion and the Museum, # 8220 ; Home of all the Muses, # 8221 ; at Alexandria. The acme of human art in sculpture was reached in Pagan Greece, the Apollo Belvidere, the Venus de Milo, the Winged Victory, the Laocoon, the friezes of the Parthenon ; masterful Masterss of the # 8220 ; Old Masters # 8221 ; were the Pagans Phidias, Praxiteles, Callimachus, Scopas, Polyclitus, with the chisel ; Apelles, Zeuxis, Polygnotus, Parrhasius, Pausias, with the coppice. Statesmen and military leaders unknown to Hebrew History, yet whose names are immortal, led the Pagan Greeks to greatness and glorification: Themistocles, Pericles, Aristides the Just, Lycurgus, Miltiades, Leonidas, Alexander the Great, who conquered the God-led Jews. Poor pagan speechmakers, who neer heard Jehovah speak from Sinai, nor the Christ on the Mount, # 8212 ; their supreme fluency has echoed down the ages: Demosthenes, Democrates, +schines, Lysias, Isocrates. Literature and the Theatre were born in Pagan Greece ; the # 8220 ; Classics # 8221 ; of Pagan thought and dramatic stateliness came from the heads and pens of uninspired pagan who knew no line of the divine # 8220 ; Law and Prophets # 8221 ; of the Hebrews, made semi-intelligible and heavy merely by the really free intervention of skilled transcribers into Elizabethan English ; they are the immortal and inimitable criterions of literary signifier, manner, civilization, in every university, high school, wendy house, and cultured place in Christendom today. For poesy: Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Anacreon, Theocritus, the combustion Sappho ; for play: +schylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, besides the historiographers and speechmakers named, the delicious old +sop, the philosophers and bookmans yet to name. The play, calamity, comedy, the chorus, melodrama ; the heroic poem, the ode, the words, the lament, poetic signifier and step, the really words for all these things, pure Pagan Greek. Philosophy # 8212 ; the love of Wisdom # 8212 ; the highest range of the uninspired human mind into the enigmas, non of religion and godliness, but of head and psyche, in hunt of the first rules of being, # 8212 ; the # 8220 ; ousia of the on, # 8221 ; and for the Supreme Good, the noblest regulations of human behavior and felicity: Thales, Anaximander, Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Xenophanes, Leucippus, Democritus, Protagoras, Socrates, Plato of the Academy, Aristotle of the Lyceum, Epicurus, Pythagoras, Zeno the Stoic, Antisthenes the Cynic, whose exalted moral systems have exalted world of all time since, and whose words and plants hold dominated civilisation and made their names immortal, though none of them knew of Moses, the Christ, or the Apostles, # 8212 ; although Heraclitus invented the # 8220 ; Logos # 8221 ; which St. John worked up into the originative # 8220 ; Word of God # 8221 ; for Christian ingestion. Science, supremest servant of civilisation, the true # 8220 ; God of this universe, # 8221 ; its glorious morning was in Pagan Greece, unshackled by Genesis and Divine Mosaic disclosure. Here Grecian idea, undiscouraged by priestly prohibition and unafrighted by Roman Inquisition, sought to penetrate the secrets of Creation and of Nature, to explicate the Riddle of the Universe, to do the forces of Nature the obedient servitors of Man. Astronomy was born with Thales [ 640-546 B.C. ] , the first of the Seven Sages of Greece. Utterly ignorant of the Divine handicraft of the Six Days, and of cosmopolitan creative activity out of cosmopolitan Nothing, and non holding travelled adequate to verify the four corners of the level Earth, guarded by the Four Angels of the Corners, defenders of the Four Winds, he sought for the First Principle, the arche # 8217 ; , of Creation, imputing all affair to alterations in atoms ; non cognizing the disclosure that the Sun was set in a solid # 8220 ; celestial sphere # 8221 ; arched over the level Earth, and somehow trundled across it daily to light Adam and his offspring, and had been stopped still for Joshua and turned rearward 10 grades for Hezekiah, but visualizing that it was governed by fixed natural jurisprudence, by unaided power of head he calculated and predicted the occultation of 565 B.C. , and discovered the Solstices and Equinoxes ; he calculated so about the solar revolutions, that he corrected the calendar and divided the twelvemonth into 365 yearss, which it still has ; he taught the Egyptians to step the tallness of the Pyramids by triangulation from the shadow of a rod he set up near them, and invented several of the theorems adopted by Euclid. Anaximander ( 610-546 B.C. ) , like his maestro ignorant of Mosaic uranology, discovered and taught the asynclitism of the ecliptic, due to the fickle behaviour of the equator of the Earth in singing round the Sun ; he approximated the sizes and distances of the planets # 8212 ; non all set on the same solid plane ; he discovered the stages of the Moon, and constructed the first astronomical Earth ; he was the first to fling unwritten instruction, and commit the rules of natural scientific discipline to authorship. Pythagoras of Samos ( c. 584 B.C. ) , was a cosmopolitan mastermind ; he coined the word # 8220 ; philosopher, # 8221 ; harmonizing to Cicero ; made finds in music, which he conceived as a scientific discipline based on mathematical rules, and fancied the # 8220 ; music of the spheres. # 8221 ; As he hadn # 8217 ; t read Genesis, he rebelliously ( through such ignorance ) proclaimed that the Earth was a Earth go arounding around the Sun or cardinal fire, and had inhabitable Antipodes, # 8212 ; pagan impressions which got several Christian gentlemen into more or less problem some 2000 old ages subsequently when they revived the thought. He speculated on occultations as natural phenomena instead than particular dispensations of Providence ; he disputed Moses on Geology by claiming that the earth-surface hadn # 8217 ; t ever been merely so, but that the sea had one time been land, the land sea ; that islands had one time formed parts of continents ; that mountains were everlastingly being washed down by rivers and new mountains therefore formed ; that vents were mercantile establishments for subterraneous fires, instead than public entrywaies into Hell ; that fossils were the inhumed remains of antediluvian workss and animate beings turned into rock, instead than theological cogent evidence of Noah # 8217 ; s Flood embedded for confutation of Infidels in the Rock of Faith. Democritus ( e. 460 B.C. ) , the # 8220 ; Laughing Philosopher, # 8221 ; the most learned mind of his twenty-four hours and renowned for all the moral virtuousnesss ; he wrote some 72 books on natural philosophies, mathematics, moralss, grammar ; wholly unconditioned in Bible scientific discipline, he scouted the thought of Design in Nature, declaring it lapped in cosmopolitan jurisprudence ; he upheld belief in secondary or physical causes, but non in a primary immaterial First Cause, declaring that by natural jurisprudence could all the phenomena of the existence be accounted for ; that there was no demand of, no room for, supernatural intervention or Divine Providence. He left [ an ] immortal grade on the universe of cognition by his detailed theory of atoms, or components of affair excessively little to be cut or divided ; boldly and logically he applied this theory to the Gods themselves, keeping that they were mere sums of stuff atoms # 8212 ; ( apparently verified by the fact of eating the organic structure of divinity in wafers ) # 8212 ; merely mightier and more powerful than work forces, # 8212 ; and apparently, to walk an vitamin D talk, hatred and putting to death, there must be something material about them. Modern chemical science, the most cosmopolitan and utile of the scientific disciplines, is founded on alterations of the atomic theory of Democritus. Hippocrates ( c. 460 # 8211 ; c. 377 B.C. ) is known as the # 8220 ; Father of Medicine. # 8221 ; He was the first doctor to distinguish diseases, and to impute them to different causes, on the footing of accurate observation and common sense. His great maxim was: # 8220 ; To cognize is one thing ; simply to believe one knows is another. To cognize is scientific discipline, but simply to believe one knows is ignorance. # 8221 ; In his yearss all illness and complaints were considered as inflicted straight by the Gods ; the ulterior disclosure that it was all due to annoy in the interior plants of adult male was non so known. But the consequence was the same: all hardening was the monopoly of the priests, the friends and favourites of the Gods and owners of all godly lore. As the lone doctors, the priests had great grosss and a all right support from the offerings made by patients who flocked for alleviation to the temples of +sculapius, which filled the ancient universe. Hippocrates sought to divide medical specialty from faith, therefore incurring the deadly onslaughts of the priests and pious quacks. Never holding heard of # 8220 ; fig foliage cataplasms, # 8221 ; or spittle to throw out Satans, # 8220 ; He laid down certain rules of scientific discipline upon which modern medical specialty is built: There is no authorization except facts ; 2. Facts are obtained by accurate observation ; 3. Tax write-offs are to be made merely from facts. # 8221 ; Not cognizing the Christian art of projecting out Satans, the pagan # 8220 ; Hippocrates introduced a new system of intervention ; he began by doing a careful survey of the patient # 8217 ; s organic structure, and holding diagnosed the ailment, set about bring arounding it by giving waies to the sick person as to his diet and the modus operandi of his day-to-day life, go forthing Nature mostly to heal herself. # 8221 ; As about 90 per centum of all ailments are such as would heal themselves if allow entirely, or if treated with simple hygienic agencies, and many remedies are greatly aided by # 8220 ; faith # 8221 ; even in Pagan Gods, the component of the marvelous is greatly discounted in the successes of the priests of +sculapius, and perchance in those of Loreto and Lourdes. He had no existent replacement until Vesalius, the first existent sawbones ; the Inquisition about got him because his anatomical researches disclosed that adult male had the same figure of ribs as adult female, non one less to represent that taken for Eve ; and he disproved the Church # 8217 ; s sacred scientific discipline of the # 8220 ; Resurrection Bone. # 8221 ; Aristotle ( 384-322 three. c. ) the Stagarite, friend and coach of Alexander the Great, besides being one of the greatest philosophers, was the first adult male of scientific discipline of his twenty-four hours, and in his encyclopedic plants laid the foundation of Natural scientific discipline or natural philosophies, Natural History, weather forecasting or the phenomena of the celestial spheres, carnal anatomy, to all which he applied the procedures of closest research and experiment and the rules of inductive logical thinking. By ground of the restrictions of his procedure, and over-dogmatism instead than experiment in some lines, he made many funny errors, which ham-strung the human head for ages. One was the averment that two objects of different weight, dropped from the same tallness to the Earth, would strike the Earth at different intervals of clip, the heavier foremost ; when Galileo denied this theory and offered to confute it by experiment, the pious Christians of Pisa scouted and scorned him ; when he ascended the Leaning Tower and dropped two Fe balls, one of one lb weight, the other of one hundred, and both struck the land at the same blink of an eye, they refused to accept the presentation, and drove him out of the metropolis ; so strong was the clasp of even the mistakes of Pagan Aristotle on Christian credulity. Aristotle had non read the cosmic disclosures of Moses, and was ignorant of the true history of Creation as revealed through him. He discovered sea shells and the dodo remains of Marine animate beings on the tops of the mountains of Greece, and embedded far down from the surface in the sides of the mountain gorges ; he noted that the stones lay in great beds or strata one above another, with different sorts of dodos in the several strata. In his Pagan imaginativeness Aristotle commented on this: that if sea-shells were on the tops of mountains far from the sea, why, to acquire at that place the tops of the mountains must one time hold been in the underside of the sea, the stones formed under the sea, and the shells and other animate being remains embedded in them must one time hold lived and died in the sea and there have been deposited in the clay of the underside before it hardened into stone. If Aristotle had climbed Pike # 8217 ; s Extremum, he would hold found great beds of ocean coral in the stones at that place ; sea shell-fish and sponges # 8212 ; ( which Aristotle himself foremost discovered to be animate beings ) # 8212 ; in the bouldery walls of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Theophrastus ( c. 373-287 B.C. ) , disciple and replacement of Aristotle as caput of the Peripatetic School of doctrine ; his head fame was as the first of the phytologists, on which survey he left some 16 books ; for 1800 old ages after his decease the scientific discipline lay dormant ; non a individual new find in that topic was made until after the stopping point of the millenary of the Christian Ages of Faith. Aristarchus ( c. 220-143 B.C. ) was a famed uranologist of the new school at Alexandria. From his predecessors he knew that the Earth revolved around the Sun, and how the plane of the ecliptic was designed ; he calculated the disposition of Earth # 8217 ; s axis to the pole as the angle of 23 1/2 grades, and therefore verified the asynclitism of the ecliptic, and explained the sequence of the seasons. Aristarchus had non read Moses on the solid celestial sphere and level Earth ; he clearly maintained that twenty-four hours and dark were due to the spinning of the Earth on its ain axis every 24 hours ; his lone extant work is # 8220 ; On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, # 8221 ; wherein by strict and elegant geometry and logical thinking he reached consequences inaccurate merely because of the imperfect province of cognition in his clip. By keen computations he added 1/1623 of a twenty-four hours to Callipsus # 8217 ; estimation of 365 1/2 yearss for the length of the solar twelvemonth ; and is said to hold invented a hemispherical sundial. Hipparchus ( c. 150 B.C. ) made the first catalogue of stars, to the figure of over 1,000 ; but his maestro accomplishment was the find and computation of the # 8220 ; precession of the equinoxes # 8221 ; about 130 B.C. Without telescope or instruments, and with no Mosaic Manual on Astronomy to puddle his idea, by the powers of mathematical concluding from observation he detected the complex motions of the Earth, foremost in rapid rotary motion on its ain axis, and a much slower handbill and irregular motion around the part of the poles, which causes the equator to cut the plane of the ecliptic at a somewhat different point each twelvemonth ; this he estimated at non more than 50 seconds of a grade each twelvemonth, and that the forward revolution in # 8220 ; precession # 8221 ; was completed in approximately 26,000 old ages. Such are the powers of the human head untrammeled by disclosure. Archimedes ( 287-212 B.C. ) , one of the most distinguished work forces of scientific discipline who of all time lived. He discovered the jurisprudence of specific gravitation, in connexion with the deceitful metal put into Hiero # 8217 ; s Crown ; so excited was he when the thought struck him that, shouting # 8220 ; Eureka # 8221 ; he jumped from his bath and ran place naked to proclaim the find. He discovered the Torahs regulating the lever, and the rules of the block, and the celebrated eternal water-screw used to this twenty-four hours in Egypt to rise H2O from the Nile for irrigation ; he was the first to find the ratio of the diameter to the perimeter of a circle, ciphering # 8220 ; pi # 8221 ; to be smaller than 3-1/7 and greater than 3-10/71, which is reasonably near for a pagan non holding the # 8220 ; Book of Numbers # 8221 ; before him. He made other finds and innovations excessively legion to associate ; he disregarded his mechanical appliances as beneath the self-respect of pure scientific discipline. Euclid ( c. 300 B.C. ) is excessively good known for his # 8220 ; Principles of Geometry # 8221 ; to necessitate more than reference. Erastosthenes ( c. 276-194 B.C. ) was the Librarian of the great Library of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, at Alexandria, incorporating some 700,000 volumes. He invented the fanciful lines, analogues of longitude and latitude, which adorn all our Earths and maps to this twenty-four hours. Not cognizing the disclosure that the Earth is level, he measured its perimeter. Detecting that a pillar set up at Alexandria cast a certain shadow at midday on the summer solstice, while a similar pillar at Syene cast no shadow at that clip, and was therefore on the tropic ; he measured the distance between the two topographic points, as 5,000 bowl, approximately 574 stat mis ; described a circle with a radius equal to the tallness of the pillar at Alexandria, found the length of the little are formed on it by the shadow, which was 1/50 of the circle, and represented the discharge of the Earth # 8217 ; s circle between Alexandria and Syene ; multiplying the distance by 50 he obtained 28,700 stat mis as the perimeter of the Earth ; a figure inordinate due to mismeasurement, but a brilliant rational achievement. Erastosthenes was besides the laminitis of scientific chronology, ciphering the day of the months of the main political and literary events back to the supposed clip of the autumn of Troy ; a day of the month rather every bit unsure as that of the ulterior birth of Jesus Christ from which the monastic Dennis the Little essayed to repair the subsequent chronology of Christian history. Hero of Alexandria ( c. 130 B.C. ) discovered the rule of the working-power of steam and devised the first steam-engines. In his Pneumatica he describes the olipyle, which may be called a primitive steam reaction turbine ; he besides mentions another device which may be described as the paradigm of the force per unit area engine. ( Encyc. Brit. twenty-one, 351-2. ) Strabo ( c. 63 B.C.-19 A.D. ) , the most celebrated early geographer and a celebrated historiographer ; he left a Geography of the universe, as so known, in 17 books, and made a map of the universe ; travelled over much of it, and described what he saw. From a comparing of the form of Vesuvius, non so a # 8220 ; firing mountain, # 8221 ; with the active +tna, he prognosis that it might some twenty-four hours go active, as it did in 79 A.D. to the devastation of Pompeii and Herculaneum, described by the Roman philosopher and natural historiographer, Pliny, who overlooked the Star of Bethlehem, and the temblor and occultation of Calvary. Strabo was ignorant of the cosmology of Moses and the Flood of Noah ; so he declared that the dodo shells which he discovered in stones far inland from the sea proved that those stones had been formed under the sea by silt brought down by rivers, in which populating shell animate beings had become embedded. If Moses had revealed this interesting fact, much homo persecution and agony would hold been avoided. The rules of Evolution were discovered and taught by most of the ancient Grecian philosophers above named and many others, all of whom were deeply nescient of the cosmology of Genesis, and who # 8220 ; endeavored to replace a natural account of the universe for the old myths. # 8221 ; Anaximander ( 588-624 B.C. ) , though he had non read Genesis, anticipated to the really word # 8220 ; sludge # 8221 ; used in the True Bible as the stuff of animate being and human creative activity ; # 8220 ; he introduced the thought of aboriginal tellurian sludge, a mixture of Earth and H2O, from which, under the influence of the Sun # 8217 ; s heat, workss, animate beings, and human existences were straight produced. # 8221 ; Empedocles of Agrigentum ( 495-435 B.C. ) # 8220 ; may rightly be called the male parent of the development thought. # 8230 ; All beings arose through the causeless drama of the two great forces of Nature upon the four elements. # 8221 ; Anaxagoras ( 500-428 ) # 8220 ; was the first to follow the beginning of animate beings and workss to pre-existing sources in the air and ether. # 8221 ; Aristotle ( 384-322 B.C. ) , the first great naturalist, shows # 8220 ; in his four essays upon the parts, motive power, coevals, and critical rules of animate beings, that he to the full understood version in its modern sense ; # 8230 ; he justly conceived of life as the map of the being, non as a separate rule ; # 8230 ; he develops the thought of purposive advancements in the development of bodily parts and functions. # 8221 ; The philosophy is really well developed by the Roman Lucretius, 99-55 B.C. ( H.F. Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin, pp. 50, et seq. ) The critical sources of virtually every modern scientific discipline had therefore their beginning and some noteworthy development in the fertile heads of the Grecian minds and in their great schools of idea, in the centuries which preceded the Advent of the # 8220 ; Perfect Teacher # 8221 ; and his divinely instituted replacements in Schoolcraft. If these profound researches into Nature had been included in the Curriculum of the Church, instead than fire and blade employed to uproot them and all who ventured to prosecute them, Holy Church would non hold had the # 8220 ; Dark Ages of Faith # 8221 ; to enter and apologise for. To what flawlessness of Civilization and Knowledge might Humanity have arrived in these 2000 old ages wasted on the Supernatural, and the # 8220 ; Sacred Science of Christianity # 8221 ; !